Toluene and xylene are both clear, colorless liquids with a sweet, pungent odor that is detectable at low air concentrations. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such. urces. apcatb. Chamblee, GA 30341-3717. Simultaneous catalytic elimination of nitrogen oxides (NOx, x = 1 and 2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is of great importance for environmental preservation in China. Jan 25, 2024 · The development of high catalytic toluene performance and sulfur poisoning resistance cobalt-based catalyst by adding alkaline MgO to modify the carrier γ-Al 2 O 3 was highly desirable. Jan 1, 2022 · However, the mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity of the diverse group of organic solvents are by far more complex than suggested by these simple prediction models. Conflicts of interest. Toluene vapours are irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract Toluene-4-sulfonic acid is an arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group. 5 mmol/L) is uncommon, with malnutrition, diuretics, and prolonged gastrointestinal losses as the main causes. 1 Toluene, a common drug-of-abuse, is a known but underappreciated cause of severe hypokalemia. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in Dec 12, 2011 · Recent findings showing the importance of DNA repair and maintenance genes, such as WRN, in human genetic susceptibility to benzene toxicity also support this mechanism (28,29,157,158). The mechanism of toxicity and interactions with endocrine system should be followed up which is the main threat to human health. As the oxidation process occurred, the acute and chronic toxicities of the intermediate products decreased. While repeated abuse of toluene has deleterious behavioral and health effects, little is known about the actions of toluene on the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system within the central nervous system. Call 515-281-4823 or e-mail marmago@bon. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced from petroleum refining and coke-oven operations. Due to severe problems caused by toluene, different techniques for the abatement of toluene have been developed. Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with narcotic and neurotoxic effects and, like Jan 25, 2024 · For catalyst Co 3 O 4 /γ-Al 2 O 3, the corresponding poisoning mechanism has been studied in the previous work. state. Toluene is a colorless, clear liquid that has a sweet, distinct smell. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. Mechanisms of solvent neurotoxicity2. In high doses, toluene has effects similar to other volatile substances such as psychomotor damage, excitation in locomotor activities and later inhibition, loss of the standing up reflex, and sedation [7 – 9]. Model for mechanism of action of the TolR HTCS in mediating a drop in intracellular c-di-GMP leading to toluene toxicity tolerance in Azoarcus sp. Benzene is metabolized, primarily in the liver, to a series of phenolic and ring-opened products and their conjugates. No histological alterations were observed in the brain, sciatic nerve, or spinal cord of rats or mice exposed to 0. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the toluene toxicity by a mechanism that has yet to be elucidated. ia. It is a conjugate acid of a toluene-4-sulfonate. Generally, toluene conversion and CO 2 yield increase with a rise in the reaction temperature, the incorporation of 0. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Hypokalemic Butylated hydroxytoluene is an additive used as an antioxidant in foods, such as packet cake mixes, potato crisps, salted peanuts, and dehydrated mashed potatoes. The species behaves as a synthetic analogof vitamin E, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses autoxidation, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Oct 31, 2014 · Occupational exposure to toluene can be responsible for multiple and varied effects that can affect different functions and organs of the human body such as the kidney (Ballantyne, 2016), the ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentials BMD Benchmark dose BMDL BMD lower 95% confidence limit BMDS Benchmark dose modeling software BMR Benchmark response BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes CAS Chemical Abstracts Service Feb 6, 2023 · The unfavorable effects of environmental pollutants are becoming increasingly evident. Briefly, toluene intoxication resembles ethanol intoxication in some aspects because toluene produces an initial euphoria and excitation, followed by Feb 1, 1988 · Toluene poisoning presenting with transient distal renal tubular acidosis was reported, which has been attributed to impaired active hydrogen ion transport and hydrogen ion back diffusion. Apr 11, 2022 · Next: Physical Examination. 2020. Toxic Encephalopathies II: Leukoencephalopathies. Urine anion gap is used to diagnose metabolic acidosis of a normal anion gap variety; however, pitfalls exist when using urine anion gap in the setting Apr 1, 2024 · Request PDF | On Apr 1, 2024, Peng Lu and others published Poisoning mechanism of HCl over a Ru-based catalyst for toluene oxidation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. No information was found as to whether the health effects of toluene diisocyanate in children are different than in adults. Jiang and Kaiyu Xie and Zhuo Wang and Hanqi Ning and Shufeng Zuo and Jing Li}, journal={Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering}, year={2023}, url Jun 15, 2020 · The toluene conversion and CO 2 yield versus temperature curves are shown in Fig. 118668 Corpus ID: 213678778; The poisoning mechanism of gaseous HCl on low-temperature SCR catalysts: MnO −CeO2 as an example @article{Xiong2020ThePM, title={The poisoning mechanism of gaseous HCl on low-temperature SCR catalysts: MnO −CeO2 as an example}, author={Shangchao Xiong and Jianjun Chen and Nan Huang and Tao Yan and Yue Peng and Junhua Li}, journal Beer with an onion-like off-flavor was found to contain (1-methylethyl)thiirane and 2-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol 〈88MI 105-01〉. toluene toxicity by a mechanism that has yet to be elucidated. Toluene sniffing, frequently described under the generic category of "glue sniffing," is a potential cause of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to distal renal tubular acidosis. They are classified as either aromatic (cyclic) or aliphatic (straight-chained)These are typically the chief components in many types of fuels and products used every day. Toluene conversion and CO 2 selectivity decreased dramatically from 89. Results tolR Protects Anaerobic Azoarcus sp. 11,13,15,16 Absorption occurs from inhalation, ingestion, or transdermal exposure, and can be detected in blood within minutes. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic Dec 1, 2015 · On the mechanism of toluene-induced. There is no chlorine atom(s) in the molecular At low concentrations, toluene produces disturbances in basal ganglia dopaminergic mechanisms in experimental animals. Print. . BHT stops this autocatalyticreaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides. ɒl, - ɔːl, - oʊl / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C6H5CH3, often abbreviated as PhCH3, where Ph stands for phenyl group. Aug 27, 2019 · Toluene is a hydrophobic solvent found in paint thinners, cleaning agents, adhesives, and gasoline, 11,12,14-16 and is the most commonly abused volatile substance worldwide, owing to its euphoric effects. Two aromatic hydrocarbons that are commonly abused for their euphoric effect include toluene (methylbenzene) and benzene. Toluene is of low acute toxicity by the oral (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg), dermal (LD50> 5000 mg/kg) and inhalation (4 hour LC50 >20 mg/L) routes. Thus, toluene at low concentrations may produce disturbances in dopaminergic mechanisms of the basal ganglia probably leading to functional changes in sensory-motor integration. 149993 Corpus ID: 268189960; Poisoning mechanism of HCl over a Ru-based catalyst for toluene oxidation @article{Lu2024PoisoningMO, title={Poisoning mechanism of HCl over a Ru-based catalyst for toluene oxidation}, author={Peng Lu and Lyumeng Ye and Xianhui Yan and Jianhang Huang and Zhi Xiong Tang and Dongyao Chen and Chaoping Cen}, journal={Chemical Engineering Journal Jul 16, 2015 · The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has identified the oral route as the primary route of exposure, and neurotoxicity as the endpoint of concern, in the priority data needs for toluene. 14 There are Jun 15, 2021 · Herein, the poisoning effect of gaseous HCl on a Ru-based catalyst for toluene catalytic oxidation was investigated. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. HCl led to a reduction of low-temperature redox properties, as well as a Apr 1, 2024 · Inspired by these, RuMn/HZSM-5 catalyst may be a good candidate for the investigation of HCl poisoning mechanism on VOCs catalytic oxidation at low-medium temperatures. In recent years, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. DOI: 10. The mechanism by which toluene diisocyanate produces toxic symptoms is not known, but the compound is highly reactive and may inactivate tissue biomolecules by covalent binding. They can come in the form of a gas, liquid, solid, or polymers. Jan 1, 2013 · The main target of the toxicity of toluene is the cellular membrane and there are several mechanisms through which P. New data suggest that differences in toxicity, esp. The data revealed an order of toxicity of toluene ≥ p-xylene > m-xylene > benzene. Jan 1, 2024 · Toluene poisoning manifests as distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 (RTA-1), which is commonly characterized as hyperchloremic with a normal anion-gap, hypokalemia, and muscular paralysis. 1016/0006-2952(77)90180-0 Corpus ID: 27143482; Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Oct 1, 2023 · In this paper, in-situ thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate method was used to cause sulfur poisoning of Co 3 O 4 /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst rapidly and quantitatively. As a volatile solvent, misuse or abuse is common, resulting in an acute toxidrome. The excessive amount of glutamate causes. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) CAS number: 108–88–3. For more information, contact: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The vapor is heavier than air and may accumulate in low-lying areas. In this review, we present general ideas derived from the various reports mentioning toxic effects. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicological properties. 1. Office of Innovation and Analytics, Toxicology Section. Exposure to these substances can cause significant health risks. The effects of toluene on hearing and balance have attracted the attention of researchers for a long time. The final diagnosis was toluene intoxication with severe hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. us to obtain the necessary application. The increases in DA turnover in the cholecystokinin (CCK)-DA terminals of the subcortical limbic system induced by high concentrations of toluene may be part of the Multiple studies of humans chronically exposed to mixtures of solvents containing toluene provide supporting evidence for toluene-mediated hearing loss, but concurrent exposure to other solvents limits the conclusions that can be drawn about toluene toxicity. It has been suggested that toluene interferes with the normal function of neuronal proteins. Suggested mechanisms of direct toxicity, indirect toxicity and autoimmune mechanisms are elaborated. with respect to carcinogenicity, may exist as a function of placement of amine groups around the benzene ring. Toluene induces these effects via affecting the GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic pathways [10, 11]. Read more. In March 1990 the Danish Product Register listed 440 products containing butylated hydroxytoluene; the content was below 50 ppm in 66% of these products; the main categories were Dec 31, 2018 · Toluene indicated the lowest hazard quotient, whilst ethylbenzene was potentially found to have the highest hazard quotient, at a value of 0. Death has been reported after exposure to toluene at 1, 800–2,000 ppm for 1 hour. @article{Andrews1977EffectsOT, title={Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Further, the photodegradation mechanisms of CAL were explored to find the reason behind the increased toxicity observed. Toluene induces expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), an enzyme involved in its own metabolism and that of other protoxicants, including some procarcinogens. Thiirane is in the aroma of cooking mutton and is formed in the brewing of foods. Halogenated: consisting of carbons, hydrogens and a halogen atom. Witmer and James J. A provider number is not needed. MDI. The acute oral neurotoxicity of toluene was investigated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. It is identified as CAS#108-88-3, and the United Nations Department of Transportation's number for toluene is UN#1294. The main reason for the decline in the catalytic performance of toluene by sulfur poisoning is that the active Co 3+ in Co 3 O 4 becomes CoSO 4 under the condition of sulfur poisoning. Benzene is rapidly metabolized in the liver via cytochrome p450 enzymes, namely CYP2E1, to phenolic compounds such as phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, and 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquinone as well as benzene oxide. 0 % and 8. lvent. elegans) has been used as a powerful terrestrial model organism for environmental toxicity studies owing to its various advantages, including ease of culture, short lifespan, small size, transparent body, and well-characterized genome. Therefore, we investigated the association between toluene exposure and the CYP2E1 response, as assessed by mRNA content in Description of key information. The toxic dose of naphthalene poisoning is not DOI: 10. In the absence of aromatic hydrocarbons, autophosphorylation and intramolecular phosphotransfer support a basal level of TolR c-di-GMP PDE activity. CIB. Trinitrotoluene ( / ˌtraɪˌnaɪtroʊˈtɒljuiːn / ), [4] [5] more commonly known as TNT (and more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene ), and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, [citation needed] is a chemical compound with the formula C 6 H 2 (NO 2) 3 CH 3. putida modifies lipid and fatty acid composition in response to the solvent. Houtchens, in Clinical Neurotoxicology, 2009. General toxicity The main target organ of toluene-induced toxicity is the central nervous system (CNS). It is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentials BMD Benchmark dose BMDL BMD lower 95% confidence limit BMDS Benchmark dose modeling software BMR Benchmark response BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes CAS Chemical Abstracts Service Additionally, they noted that no plausible mechanisms of toxicity were identified. Dec 1, 2020 · Background: Intentionally inhaling volatile organic solvent like toluene for its intoxicating effects continues to be a public health concern. It is a member of toluenes and an arenesulfonic acid. Catalytic oxidation is one of the promising methods and effective technologies for toluene Oct 5, 2010 · When toluene exposure induces the excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, and the production of other toxic substances, these events may lead to neurodegeneration, although efficient compensatory mechanism can reverse these neurotoxic effects. Profiles are updated on a periodic basis and released for a public comment period. 4770 Buford Highway. Aug 1, 2017 · In a large case series of 25 patients with toluene toxicity, the presenting complaint was muscle weakness in 9 (36%), neuropsychiatric symptoms in 10 (40%) and gastrointestinal complaints in 6 patients (24%). 108-88-3. Intravenous potassium administration and hydration effectively corrected the electrolyte and acid-base alterations; weakness resolved and the patient was discharged. Aug 15, 2018 · The acute intravascular hemolysis following naphthalene ingestion can lead to anemia, hematuria, leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance, jaundice, hepatic and renal dysfunction. 15 achieved 90% conversion of toluene at the conditions of volume ratio of toluene to O 2 of 1:400, 258 °C and space velocity The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicology and adverse health effects information for the toxic substance described therein. Ingestion of as little as two naphthalene-containing mothballs can result in severe hemolytic anemia and hypotension. 087 mg/L, respectively, indicating that DNT is a very toxic compound with respect to chronic toxicity. 036, 0. Interaction Mechanism for Simultaneous Elimination of Nitrogen Oxides and Toluene over the Bifunctional CeO2-TiO2 Mixed Oxide Catalyst. The pore structure, valence state of active species, surface morphology and acidity of the catalyst before and after sulfur poisoning were characterized, and its influence on catalytic combustion of toluene was studied. Toluene is a major component found in industries, such as waste incineration, biomass-burning, sludge incineration, etc [26], [27]. 1. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in May 17, 2022 · Repair or Dysrepair. The EPA reference concentration (RfC) is 5 mg/m 3 for toluene and 0. 2024. Andrews and Eun Woo Lee and Charlotte M. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Aug 15, 2018 · The acute intravascular hemolysis following naphthalene ingestion can lead to anemia, hematuria, leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance, jaundice, hepatic and renal dysfunction. 05. that all 3 ingredients were safe for use as hair dyes. It is a colorless, water -insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint thinners. In terms of renal effects, one study observed metabolic acidosis in 59 of 68 episodes of toluene abuse. Delineating the mechanisms of neurotoxicants and determining the degenerative biological pathways triggered by peripheral neurotoxicants will facilitate the development of sensitive and specific The mechanism by which toluene produces systemic toxicity is not known. Oct 15, 2020 · Further, we find effects at the cellular level on both apoptosis and mitosis, and reveal genome regions that regulate BTEX susceptibility. Aug 8, 2023 · Aromatic: carbons arranged in a ring. S. The results presented in our study indicate that there is a lower probability of non-carcinogenic health effects as a result of exposure to domestic coal combustion technology, as described in this study. May 1994. Aug 27, 2019 · Although mild hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance with a broad differential diagnosis, severe hypokalemia (potassium ≤ 2. Kocsis and Robert Snyder}, journal Dec 12, 2011 · Recent findings showing the importance of DNA repair and maintenance genes, such as WRN, in human genetic susceptibility to benzene toxicity also support this mechanism (28,29,157,158). Toluene (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane) is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C7 H8) commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. Nephron. }, author={Larry S. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) Email: Contact CDC-INFO. For more information visit ATSDR. 2 wt% Pt greatly enhances low Toxic Encephalopathies II: Leukoencephalopathies. 1989 OSHA PEL: 100 ppm (375 mg/m 3) TWA, 150 ppm (560 mg/m 3) STEL. Toluene ( / ˈtɒl. Oct 3, 2016 · The toxicity of these compounds to microorganisms is very important in the microbial degradation of hydrocarbons, but not many researchers have studied the mechanism of this toxic action. Oct 1, 2023 · @article{Jiang2023StudyOT, title={Study on the mechanism of sulfur poisoning in toluene catalyzed by Co3O4/$\gamma$-Al2O3 sulfur tolerant catalyst containing spinel structure}, author={B. This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene, including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. Human exposure to 100 parts per million (ppm) of toluene (the permissible exposure level in the workplace) caused substantial complaints about poor air quality, altered temperature and noise perception, increased irritation of His electrocardiogram showed prominent U waves which made us consider hypokalemia. Mechanisms of toxicity 1) Inhibition of oxygen transport 2) Inhibition of electron transport chain 3) Radical damage 4) Block of neurotransmission 5) Irritating, corrosivity 6) Inhibition of enzymes 7) Penetrating lipid structures, predominantly in the CNS 8) Carcinogenic activity 9) Teratogenic activity. The U. Inhalation The acute toxic effects following inhalation of toluene are summarised in the table. 1 mg/m 3 for xylene, which is an estimate of the air level for the general population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without risk for deleterious effects over lifetime 1. 15 ppm commercial-grade TDI for 2 years (Loeser 1983). Toxicity is dependent on multiple Jun 2, 2022 · Toluene was toxic to several organs, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and heart 7. cej. The mechanism of benzene-induced aplastic anemia appears to involve the concerted action of several metabolites acting together on early stem and progenitor cells, as well as on early blast cells, such as pronormoblasts and normoblasts to inhibit maturation and No respiratory effects were reported in mice or rats after oral exposure to toluene at dosage levels up to 2,500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks or 590 mg/kg/day for 6 months. The nitration product is a mixture of 2-, 3-, and 4-nitromethylbenzenes: Jan 11, 2024 · Toluene is a simple benzene derivative also known as methylbenzene, phenylmethane, or toluol. 3 % and 93. 1016/j. ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. CNS toxicity may be due to the liposolubility of toluene in the neuronal membrane. CIB Cells from Toluene Toxicity. The toxic dose of naphthalene poisoning is not Toluene. Oct 5, 2010 · The potential mechanisms involved in the toluene sensitivity of the brain are shown in Fig. 1-Cyano-4,5-epithiopentane was the major component of rape seeds at ≥ 3 days of germination 〈85ABC217〉. Chronic low-level occupational or industrial exposure to toluene can cause toxicity. However, in both humans and animals, the central nervous system (CNS) was the principal target for both acute Abstract. No changes in lung weight or histology were reported in female mice exposed to 600 mg/kg/day via gavage for 14 days, compared with controls. It effects this function by donating a Sep 27, 2021 · Toluene is one of the pollutants that are dangerous to the environment and human health and has been sorted into priority pollutants; hence, the control of its emission is necessary. Apr 13, 2021 · The search terms included “mercury,” “lead,” “cadmium,” “chromium,” “arsenic,” “toxicity,” “poisoning,” “intoxication,” “mechanism of toxicity,” “mechanism of action,” and “cancer”. It is also used for synthesis of benzene and other chemicals, including graphic pigments, paints, and solvents. Feb 1, 2021 · The toxicity of toluene is mainly manifested as central nervous system damage, hearing loss, balance disorders, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal tract injury, cardiovascular toxicity, and urinary system injury[16-19]. The next section will provide an overview about the various molecular and cellular mechanisms causing acute and chronic neurotoxicity. 8 % to 15. 2. 4 B. Jun 6, 2022 · Toluene-3,4-diamine does not appear to be in current use. No animal studies have examined the potential of TDI to induce neurological effects. Toluene may stimulate the excitatory release of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate into the synaptic cleft by modulating its synthesis or re-uptake. 6. The literature was searched for animal and human studies involving acute and chronic exposures to the five metals and Nov 23, 2015 · Chronic diseases have become a threat to human globally, with special prominence in regions, where xylene is used with other chemicals (benzene, toluene etc. 1988;49:210 Acute toluene toxicity causes neurological changes as well as various metabolic alterations. In humans a number of subjective sensations such as headache, dizziness, feeling of intoxication, irritation and sleepiness and decreases in acute neurobehavioural performance Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Mar 1, 2023 · As shown in Table 1, the ChV values of DNT for fish, Daphnia magna, and green algae were 0. 2% (90 min) under UV light irradiation. California nurses should write in “ANCC - Self-Study” for this course when applying for relicensure. Toluene. Previously, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel detd. NIOSH REL: 100 ppm (375 mg/m 3) TWA, 150 ppm (560 mg/m 3) STEL. Abstract. As discussed above, chromosomal aneuploidy was shown to be induced by benzene in exposed individuals in several studies ( 37 , 38 , 89 , 103 – 105 ), Table I . Toluene (Methylbenzene) Toluene (methylbenzene) is a natural substance of gasoline and crude oil. Maria K. Most of these mechanisms contribute to a decrease in membrane fluidity in an attempt to counteract the fluidification effect of toluene. ) especially in petroleum and rubber industry. SummaryToluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a. The nitration of methylbenzene (toluene) is a typical example of a nitration that proceeds well using nitric acid in a 1:2 mixture with sulfuric acid. ju. 4 A, and the normalized rate (μmol g cat −1 s −1) versus temperature curves are depicted in Fig. Jun 26, 2023 · Hydrocarbons are compounds comprised of hydrogen and carbon. Experimental animal data, human data, and in vitro studies are explored. Most importantly, lipophilic hydrocarbons accumulate in Dec 1, 2023 · In the case of the process of synergistic removal of NO x and toluene, although the carrier effect, surface acidity, and oxygen vacancy of catalysts have been reported [6], [12], [22], few studies have considered the performance of catalysts with meso-microporous structure, its poisoning resistance and the synergistic mechanism in the subject Aug 18, 2015 · Subacute toluene exposure leads to liver balloon degeneration and liver function test abnormalities trough a variety of mechanisms, including increased oxidative stress and CYP2E1 dependent chlorzoxazone hydroxylation [38, 47]. Acute and chronic toluene’s effects are summarized in Table 1 . We also describe steps of intramolecular phosphoryl transfer by the HTCS TolR that lead to c-di-GMP PDE activity, thus expanding our restricted knowledge of the mechanism of action of HTCSs. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT FOR TOLUENE. Toluene-4-sulfonic acid is an arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group. ChEBI. melanogaster in the adult toxicity assay. Jul 5, 2021 · As discussed above in mechanisms of toxicity, benzene’s hepatic metabolites are heavily implicated in its toxic effects. 0 %, respectively at 250 °C under HCl atmosphere. In vivo bioassays and field Jan 3, 2022 · The mechanism by which toluene produces systemic toxicity is not known, but the effects are generally short-termed. 6% (0 min) to 50. Formaldehyde is frequently used in a variety of products although it can pose a Increased toxicity on bioluminescent bacteria was observed during this process, with lethality increasing from 10. There are no conflicts of Toluene is the most commonly misused solvent and also the best studied, both in terms of behavioral effects and action mechanisms. In the paper, γ-Al 2 O 3 was modified with MgO by precipitation method, and then Co/Mg-γ-Al 2 O 3 was prepared by equal volume impregnation method. Toxic peripheral neuropathies are an important form of acquired polyneuropathy produced by a variety of xenobiotics and different exposure scenarios. Toxicity is dependent on multiple The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of benzene. juiːn / ), also known as toluol ( / ˈtɒl. 7. Toluene is also an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. renal tubular acidosis. Toluene and p-xylene were extremely toxic to adult D. Current OSHA PEL: 200 ppm TWA, 300 ppm CEILING, 500 ppm 10-minute MAXIMUM PEAK. Oct 13, 2005 · Print workers are exposed to organic solvents, of which the systemic toxicant toluene is a main component. 291, and 0. Aug 21, 2019 · For example, the Au/Mn 2 O 3 powdered catalyst prepared by Xie et al. At room temperature, toluene is both volatile and flammable. Iowa nurses must be granted special approval from the Iowa Board of Nursing. Jan 25, 2024 · For catalyst Co 3 O 4 /γ-Al 2 O 3, the corresponding poisoning mechanism has been studied in the previous work. Jul 31, 2021 · The nitronium ion, \(\ce{NO_2^+}\), is the active nitrating agent in nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixtures. The odor threshold for toluene in air is low—about 80 parts per billion (ppb), which is about 500 times lower than Jan 1, 2002 · The hepatotoxicity of solvents in general and of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethene are discussed. They are less dense than water and highly volatile, readily producing flammable and toxic concentrations at room temperature. js kc sn ee yh am oq at qc ah